because the spacecraft had to approach the Sun much closer than any previous planetary spacecraft. This required improved ways to insulate the spacecraft from solar radiation. Thermal control of the new Mariner had to protect it from solar intensities up to 4 1/2 times that incident upon the Earth. Thermal control required, in addition to a large sunshade, louvers and protective thermal blankets, the ability to rotate the solar panels about an axis that ran along their length. By changing the angle at which the sunlight shone on the panels, the solar cells were kept at a suitable temperature-about 115°C (239°F)- as the spacecraft approached closer to the Sun. Both panels could turn up to a total of 76 deg from directly facing the Sun and could be rotated individually in fine steps.
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